Mobile, Wireless, and Pervasive Computing
Dhesky Aris - 11.41010.0138
Mobile Computing (Komputasi Bergerak)
¡ Mobile Computing
l Secara fisik ukuran komputer cukup kecil sehingga dapat dengan mudah dibawa – Device Mobile
l Menggantikan komunikasi kabel dengan media komunikasi nirkabel.
l Memadukan perangkat mobile dengan lingkungan nirkabel.
l Memungkinkan real-time koneksi antar perangkat mobile dan lingkungan komputasi lainnya.
Mobile Commerce
M-commerce and m-business is any e-commerce or e-business activities performed in a wireless environment.
Hal ini tidak hanya variasi pada layanan internet, tetapi bisa menciptakan peluang baru bisnis diera digital.
¡ Typical Applications include:
l Financial applications
l Inventory management
l Field Service management
l Product locating
l Real Estate
Mobile Computing Basic Terminology
¡ Personal digital assistant (PDA). A small portable computer, such as Palm handhelds and Pocket PC devices.
¡ Short Message Service (SMS). A technology, in existence since 1991, that allows sending short text messages.
¡ Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). An extension of SMS that is capable of simple animation, tiny pictures, and short melodies.
¡ Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS). The next generation of wireless messaging, this technology will be able to deliver rich media
¡ Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). A technology that offers Internet browsing from wireless devices.
¡ Smartphones. Internet-enabled cell phones that can support mobile applications.
¡ Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). Refers to a standard 802.11b which most of the wireless local area networks are based on.
Mobile Computing – Characteristics
Mobile computing has two major characteristics that differentiate it from other forms of computing: mobility and broad reach.
¡ Mobility :didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa pengguna membawa perangkat mobile di mana-mana mereka pergi. Oleh karena itu, pengguna dapat menghubungkan dengan sistem lain sewaktu-waktu di manapun mereka berada .
¡ Broad reach (Jangkauan yang luas) : karakteristik yang menggambarkan aksesibilitas orang. Mereka dapat dihubungi setiap saat.
Mobile Computing – Attributes
The characteristics of M-commerce, mobility and broad reach break the barriers of geography and time. Creating unique value added attributes.
¡ Ubiquity refers to the attribute of being available at any location at any given time. A mobile terminal in the form of a smartphone or a PDA offers ubiquity.
¡ Convenience. It is very convenient for users to operate in the wireless environment. All they need is an Internet enabled mobile device such as a smartphone.
¡ Instant connectivity. Mobile devices enable users to connect easily and quickly to the Internet, intranets, other mobile devices and databases.
¡ Personalization. Personalization refers to customizing the information for individual consumers.
¡ Localization of products and services. Knowing the users physically location at any particular moment is key to offering relevant products and services.
Mobile Computing – Drivers
The development of mobile computing and m-commerce is being driven by number of factors.
¡ Widespread availability of mobile devices. The number of cell phones exceeds 1.3 billion
¡ No need for a PC. The Internet can be accessed via smartphone or other Internet-enabled wireless devices.
¡ The handset culture. The widespread use of cell phones
¡ Vendors are pushing m-commerce. Both mobile communication network operators and manufacturers of mobile devices.
¡ Declining prices and increased functionalities.
¡ Improvement of bandwidth. To properly conduct m-commerce, it is necessary to have sufficient bandwidth. 3G (third-generation) technology provides the necessary bandwidth, at a data rate of up to 2 Mbps.
Mobile Computing – Value Chain
M-commerce is a complex process involving a number of operations and entities (customers, merchants, mobile operators, etc.).
Mobile Computing Infrastructure – Hardware
To conduct m-commerce, one needs devices for data entry and access to the Internet, applications, and other equipment.
¡ Cellular phones Cell phones that are Internet-enabled phones, also known as smartphones.
¡ Attachable keyboard A larger keyboard attachment.
¡ Personal digital assistants (PDAs) with Internet access are now available.
¡ Interactive pagers Two-way pagers with limited mobile computing and m-commerce activities on the Internet.
¡ Screenphones A telephone equipped with a color screen, a keyboard, e-mail service and Internet capabilities.
¡ E-mail handhelds Integrated device, which includes a keypad, e-mail service and Internet capabilities , without the need to dial into an Internet provider for access.
¡ There are many other devices that support wireless operations.
M-commerce also requires the following hardware which is essential for wireless connectivity:
¡ A WAN modem
¡ A wireless LAN or MAN (metro-area network) adapter.
¡ A Web server with wireless support
¡ A WAP gateway
¡ A communications server
¡ An application or database server
¡ An enterprise application server.
¡ A GPS locator
Mobile Computing Infrastructure – Software
There is no widely accepted standard for wireless applications. Therefore, software need to be customized for each type of device.
| Software | Description |
| Microbrowser | A browser with limited bandwidth and memory requirements. Provides wireless access to the Internet |
| Operating system (OS) for mobile-client | An OS for mobile devices. Examples: Palm OS, Pocket PC, Win CE. Specialized OS’s: Blackberry and Web browser. |
| Bluetooth (named for a Viking king) | Chip technology for short-range communication among wireless devices. See bluethooth.com. |
| User interface | Application logic for handheld devices. |
| Application middleware | Provides connecting among applications, databases, and Web-based servers. |
| Wireless middleware | Links wireless networks to application servers. |
| Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) | A set of communication protocols that enables wireless devices to “talk” to a server on a mobile network, so users can access the Internet. Specially designed for small screen. (see wapforum.org). |
| Wireless Markup Language | An XML-based scripting language for creating content for wireless systems. |
| Voice XML | An extension of XML designed to accommodate voice. |
Mobile Computing Infrastructure – WWAN’s
At the core of most mobile computing applications are mobile networks. These are of two general types: the wide area and the local area. The wide area networks for mobile computing are known as wireless wide area networks (WWAN).
The success of mobile computing depends on the capabilities of the WWAN communication systems
¡ 1G. The first generation of wireless technology. It was an analog-based technology, in effect from 1979 to 1992.
¡ 2G. The second generation of digital wireless technology. In existence today, 2G is based on digital radio technology and mainly accommodates text.
¡ 2.5G. An interim technology based on GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evaluation) that can accommodate limited graphics.
¡ 3G. The third generation of digital wireless technology, which supports rich media such as video clips. It started in 2001 in Japan, and reached Europe in 2002 and the United States in 2003.
¡ 4G. The expected next generation after 3G. 4G will provide faster display of multimedia and is expected between 2006 and 2010.
Mobile Computing Infrastructure – Protocol’s
Through multiplexing protocols mobile communication system providers will be able to service extremely large numbers of users.
Three main protocols:
¡ Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Used by 1G systems, this protocol gives each user a different frequency to communicate on.
¡ Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Used with some of the more popular 2G systems, this protocol assigns different users different time slots on a given communications channel.
¡ Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Used with most 2.5G and 3G systems, this protocol separates different users by assigning different codes to the segments of each user’s communications.
Mobile Computing Infrastructure – WLAN’s
Wireless local area networks (WLAN) - another technology, has been making its way to the forefront as the market factors impeding its growth are being addressed. It is like a wired LAN but without the cables transmitting and receiving data over the airwaves.
¡ Wireless access point - a transmitter with an antenna, connected to a wired LAN that provides an Internet connection. (A wireless access point provides service to a number of users within a small geographical perimeter known as a “hot spot”)
¡ Wireless network card incorporated with laptops, desktops, or PDAs will provide access
¡ WLAN’s employ the Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) standard developed by the IEEE
l 802.11b Speeds up to 11Mbps
l 802.11a and 802.11g Speeds up to 54 Mbps
l Wireless Encryption Protocol (WEP) a built-in security system in Wi-Fi encrypts the communications between a client machine and a wireless access point.
Mobile Computing – Financial Services
Mobile financial applications include:
¡ Banking: offer mobile access to financial and account information.
¡ Wireless payments: provides mobile phones with a secure purchasing tools capable of instantly authorizing payments
¡ Micropayments: electronic payments for small-purchase amounts (generally less than $10)
¡ Wireless wallets: Software (e-wallet) that stores an online shopper’s credit card numbers and other personal information.
¡ Bill payment services: Paying bills directly from a mobile device
¡ Brokerage services: stock trades and quotes
¡ Money transfers: from one account to another
Mobile Computing – Shopping
Shopping from wireless devices enables customers to perform quick searches, compare prices, use a shopping cart, order, and view the status of their order using their mobile wireless devices.
Some shopping applications include:
¡ Restaurant chains enabling consumers to place an order for pick up or delivery virtually any time, anywhere.
¡ eBay offers “anywhere wireless” services as does Amazon.com
¡ Purchasing movie tickets by wireless device
Mobile Computing – Mobile B2B
Mobile computing solutions (B2B and supply chain management) enable organizations to respond faster to disruptions by shifting resources related to critical events as they occur. The wireless environment has enhanced these c-commerce transactions.
Mobile Computing – Mobile B2C
A large number of applications exist that support consumers and provide personal services.
Mobile Computing – L-Commerce Technologies
¡ Providing location-based services requires the following location-based and network technologies:
l Position Determining Equipment (PDE). This equipment identifies the location of the mobile device. (GPS)
l Mobile Positioning Center (MPC). The MPC is a server that manages the location information sent from the PDE.
l Location-based technology. This technology consists of groups of servers that combine the position information with geographic- and location-specific content to provide an l-commerce service.
¡ Geographic content. Geographic contents consists of streets, road maps, addresses, routes, landmarks, land usage, Zip codes, and the like. (GIS)
¡ Location-specific content. Location-specific content is used in conjunction with the geographic content to provide the location of particular services.
Mobile Computing – Pervasive Computing
A world in which virtually every object has processing power with wireless or wired connections to a global network. The user doesn’t have to think about how to use the processing power in the object; rather, the processing power automatically helps the user perform a task (Invisible Computing Everywhere).
¡ RFID (radio frequency identification) tag attached to items for sale.
¡ Active badges worn as ID cards by employees.
¡ Memory buttons are nickel-sized devices that store information relating to whatever it is attached to.
¡ Contextual computing, refers to the process of understanding the user’s interactions within a valid context, to better understand what the consumer needs, and what products or services they might possibly be interested in at this time. Context awareness refers to capturing a broad range of contextual attributes to better understand those needs.
MANAGERIAL ISSUES
¡ Comparing wireless to synchronized mobile devices. In many cases, transmitting data in the evening, using a docking device, is sufficient. In others, real time communication is needed, justifying a wireless system.
¡ Timetable. Although there has been much hype about m-commerce, only a small number of large-scale mobile computing applications have been deployed to date. The most numerous applications are in e-banking, stock trading, emergency services, and some B2B tasks. Companies still have time to carefully craft an m-commerce strategy.
¡ Setting applications priorities. Finding and prioritizing applications is a part of an organization’s e-strategy. Although location-based advertising is logically attractive, its effectiveness may not be known for several years. Therefore, companies should be very careful in committing resources to m-commerce. For the near term, applications that enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of mobile workers are likely to have the highest payoff.
¡ Just a buzzword? In the short run, mobile computing, m-commerce, and especially l-commerce, may be just buzzwords due to the many limitations they now face. However, in the long run, the concepts will be increasingly popular. Management should monitor the technological developments and make plans accordingly.
¡ Choosing a system. The multiplicity of standards, devices, and supporting hardware and software can confuse a company planning to implement mobile computing. An unbiased consultant can be of great help. Checking the vendors and products carefully, as well as who is using them, is also critical.
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